Cytogenetics

Cytogenetics is the branch of genetics that studies the structure and function of chromosomes, which are the thread-like structures containing DNA within cells. By examining chromosomes under a microscope, cytogenetic techniques can identify genetic abnormalities such as extra, missing, or rearranged chromosomes that can cause various genetic disorders and diseases, including cancers and congenital conditions. Techniques like karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) are commonly used in cytogenetics. These methods provide crucial insights into the genetic basis of diseases, enabling accurate diagnosis, guiding treatment decisions, and facilitating genetic counseling for patients and their families.